|
The Invasion of Banu Qurayza〔 took place in the Dhul Qa‘dah during February and March of 627 AD (5 AH). The Banu Qurayza initially told the Muslims that they were allied to them during the Battle of the Trench, however, later they sided with the Pagan Arabs of Quraysh and their allies. According to traditional sources,〔Arafat (1976), pg.101-107, note: on the authority of "Abdullah b. Ka'b b. Malik, al Zuhri, 'Asim b. 'Umar b. Qatada, 'Abdullab b. Abi Bakr, Muhammad b. Ka'b of Qurayza"〕 Jewish leaders organized efforts against Muhammad and the Muslims. Three Jewish leaders from the tribe of Banu al-Nadir, three Jewish leaders from the tribe of Wa'il, and various other Jewish groups and leaders united and pressured Banu Qurayza to betray their agreement to Muhammad. Waqidi claims that Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Norman Stillman and Watt believe such a treaty was "doubtful" to have existed, though Watt believes the Qurayza had agreed not to assist Muhammad's enemies against him.〔〔Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.〕 According to Mubrakpuri, Peters, Stillman, Guillaume, Inamdar and Ibn Kathir, on the day of the Meccans' withdrawal Muhammad led his forces against Banu Qurayza. According to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by God.〔〔〔Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.〕〔Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.〕 The Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe, were besieged for 25 days until they surrendered.〔 One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,〔〔〔〔Adil, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'', p. 395f.〕 after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded.〔〔Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.〕 The Muslim jurist Tabari quotes 600–900 being executed.〔 ((online ))〕〔 The Sunni hadith do not give the number killed, but state that all post-pubescent males were killed and one woman.〔Sunan Abu Dawud (14:2665 ), "No woman of Banu Qurayzah was killed except one. She was with me, talking and laughing on her back and belly (extremely), while the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) was killing her people with the swords. Suddenly a man called her name: Where is so-and-so? She said: I I asked: What is the matter with you? She said: I did a new act. She said: The man took her and beheaded her. She said: I will not forget that she was laughing extremely although she knew that she would be killed. "〕 According to Ibn Kathir, Quranic verses 33:26-27 and 33:9-10 are about the attack against the Banu Qurayza.〔〔((online ))〕 Researcher, W. N. Arafat places doubt on the description of events described by Ibn Ishaq (which was used later by Tabari as his sole source).〔 Arafat states in regards to the reception of Ibn Ishaq's and Tabari's account: "The attitude of scholars and historians to Ibn lshaq's version of the story has been either one of complacency, sometimes mingled with uncertainty, or at least in two important cases, one of condemnatlon and outright rejection."〔 Ibn Ishaq was criticized by Sunni scholar, Malik ibn Anas as being "a liar" and somebody "who transmits his stories from the Jews."〔 According to Ibn Hajar, Malik ibn Anas had these views because Ibn Ishaq would make a point to seek out the descendants of the Jews in Madinah to get their accounts. ==Banu Qurayza== (詳細はJewish tribe that lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib (known today as Medina). Jewish tribes reportedly arrived in Hijaz in the wake of the Jewish-Roman wars and might have introduced agriculture, which may have put them in a culturally, economically and politically dominant position.〔Watt, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Section on "Kurayza, Banu".〕 The Banu Qurayza, however, did not own any land.〔Watt (1961), p.98〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Invasion of Banu Qurayza」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|